What Is a Malignant Trophoblastic Tumour?
Malignant trophoblastic tumour refers to a group of rare and aggressive tumours that develop from the trophoblastic tissue, which normally forms part of the placenta during pregnancy. These tumours are part of the spectrum of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which includes both non-cancerous (benign) and cancerous (malignant) conditions. The most common forms of malignant trophoblastic tumours include choriocarcinoma and the invasive mole. These conditions can occur after any type of pregnancy, including full-term pregnancies, molar pregnancies, miscarriages, or ectopic pregnancies.
Symptoms
Symptoms of malignant trophoblastic tumours may vary but often include:
- Vaginal bleeding not associated with a menstrual period
- An enlarged uterus disproportionate to the gestational age of a recent pregnancy
- Severe nausea and vomiting (hyperemesis gravidarum)
- High levels of the pregnancy hormone hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
- Early preeclampsia (high blood pressure, swelling, and protein in the urine before 20 weeks of pregnancy)
- Pelvic pain or pressure
Disease Aetiology (Causes)
The exact cause of malignant trophoblastic tumours is not well understood, but they are related to abnormal fertilization. Risk factors may include:
- Previous molar pregnancy
- Maternal age (increased risk for women over the age of 35 and under the age of 20)
- History of miscarriage
Diagnosis
Diagnosing malignant trophoblastic tumours involves:
- Measurement of hCG levels in the blood, which are typically elevated in cases of GTD
- Ultrasound to examine the uterus and identify abnormal tissue growth
- Chest X-ray or CT scans to check for metastasis, particularly to the lungs, which is common in choriocarcinoma
- Biopsy of the tumour if needed for histological examination
Treatment
Treatment options depend on the type and extent of the tumour, previous pregnancies, and the patient’s desire for future fertility:
- Chemotherapy is the primary treatment for malignant trophoblastic tumours and is often highly effective, even in cases of widespread disease.
- Surgery, such as dilation and curettage (D&C) or hysterectomy, may be necessary to remove tumour tissue or as part of the treatment plan.
- Monitoring of hCG levels after treatment is crucial to ensure the complete resolution of the tumour and to detect any recurrence early.
What support can we give for the Malignant Trophoblastic Tumour?
Malignant Trophoblastic Tumour is a rare cancer, meaning it is not as well-known as other forms of cancer. Without a Ribbon is an Australian organisation that provides support for individuals who suffer from rare cancers. So, we provide a designated platform for Warriors to obtain information specific to their Rare Cancer. We also provide annual opportunities for our Warriors to meet and learn from each other. If you suffer from rare cancer such as Malignant Trophoblastic Tumour, we can help and support you through your journey thanks to the generous donations we receive. Click the link below to sign up and become a Warrior today!
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