What is Myeloproliferative Neoplasm (MPN)?
Myeloproliferative Neoplasm (MPNs) are a rare group of blood cancers that cause the bone marrow to produce too many blood cells (red, white, or platelets). This abnormal production can lead to blood clots, bleeding issues, or even progress to acute leukaemia.
Causes
MPNs are often linked to genetic mutations, especially in genes like JAK2, CALR, or MPL. These mutations drive the bone marrow to make excess blood cells. Most MPNs are not related to environmental factors, though rare familial cases exist.
Signs & Symptoms
While symptoms vary, common ones include:
- Fatigue or weakness
- Enlarged spleen (causing abdominal discomfort)
- Itching (especially after a warm bath)
Night sweats and unintentional weight loss
Additional signs may include bleeding, bruising, headaches, dizziness, or vision problems.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves:
- Blood tests to check blood cell levels
- Genetic tests to identify mutations (JAK2, CALR, MPL)
- A bone marrow biopsy, if needed, for a closer examination
Treatment
Treatment depends on the MPN type and severity:
- Medications (like hydroxyurea or interferon) help control blood cell production
- Targeted therapies, such as JAK inhibitors, manage symptoms and cell levels, especially for JAK2 mutations
- Blood-thinning meds may be prescribed to reduce clot risks
- Stem cell transplants may be an option for younger patients or high-risk cases
Prognosis
With proper management, patients with essential thrombocythemia or polycythemia vera often live many years. However, those with primary myelofibrosis may face more challenges, particularly if it progresses to leukaemia. Regular monitoring and tailored treatments can greatly improve quality of life and outcomes.
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