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Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma

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Posted by | Mar 25, 2025

What is Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma (EMC)?

Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC) is a rare and slow-growing tumour that mainly affects the salivary glands, especially the parotid gland. It is made up of two types of cells: epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells. While EMC is typically low-grade (meaning it grows slowly), in some cases, it can become more aggressive, come back after treatment, or spread to other areas.

What Causes EMC?

The exact cause of EMC is unknown, but certain genetic mutations (PLAG1 and HMGA2) have been linked to some cases. Chronic irritation or inflammation of the salivary glands may also increase the risk of developing this tumour.

Signs and Symptoms

  • A painless, slow-growing lump in the salivary gland, most often in the parotid gland.
  • Facial weakness or numbness if the tumour presses on nerves.
  • Difficulty chewing or swallowing in more advanced cases.

How is EMC Diagnosed?

Doctors use several tests to confirm an EMC diagnosis, including:

  • MRI or CT Scan: Helps determine the size and location of the tumour.
  • Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB): A small sample of tumour cells is taken for analysis.
  • Immunohistochemistry (IHC): A special staining test used to confirm EMC by identifying specific markers.

Treatment Options

  • Surgery: The primary treatment involves removing the tumour while preserving nerve function whenever possible.
  • Radiation Therapy: Used when the tumour is more aggressive or cannot be fully removed with surgery.
  • Chemotherapy: Rarely used, only in advanced or metastatic cases.

Outlook

  • Low-grade EMC: Has a good prognosis when completely removed through surgery.
  • High-grade EMC: Has a higher chance of coming back or spreading, often requiring additional treatments like radiation or chemotherapy.

Regular follow-ups are important to monitor for any recurrence, but with early detection and proper treatment, many patients have positive outcomes.

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