What is WNT-Activated Medulloblastoma?
WNT-Activated Medulloblastoma is a type of medulloblastoma, a cancerous brain tumour that starts in the cerebellum, the area of the brain that controls balance and coordination. It is most often diagnosed in older children and teenagers, although it can occur at any age.
This subtype is linked to changes in the WNT signaling pathway, which helps regulate normal cell growth. Among all medulloblastoma subtypes, WNT-Activated Medulloblastoma has the most favourable outcome.
Causes
The exact cause of WNT-Activated Medulloblastoma is unknown. It develops when genetic changes occur in cells of the developing brain, causing them to grow uncontrollably. Most cases are not inherited and occur by chance.
Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms usually occur when the growing tumour increases pressure inside the skull or affects nearby brain structures. Common symptoms include:
- Headaches, especially in the morning
- Nausea and vomiting
- Problems with balance and coordination
- Difficulty walking
- Dizziness
- Blurred or double vision
- Fatigue
- Changes in school performance or daily activities
In some cases, the tumour may spread to the spinal cord, causing back pain, weakness, or numbness.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves several tests, including:
- A neurological examination to assess balance, coordination, and reflexes
- MRI scans of the brain and spine to locate the tumour and determine whether it has spread
- Surgical biopsy or tumour removal to confirm the diagnosis
- Laboratory testing of the tumour to identify WNT pathway changes and confirm the subtype.These tests help doctors develop the most appropriate treatment plan.
Treatment
Treatment usually includes a combination of therapies:
Surgery
Surgery is performed to remove as much of the tumour as possible while protecting healthy brain tissue.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy may be given after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses medicines to kill cancer cells and is often combined with radiation therapy.
Clinical Trials
Some patients may be eligible for clinical trials that are testing new treatments or lower-intensity treatment approaches designed to reduce long-term side effects while maintaining excellent cure rates.
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