Testicular mixed embryonal carcinoma and teratoma is a type of cancer that originates in the sperm-producing cells in men. These tumours are termed “mixed” because they contain two types of cancerous cells: embryonal carcinoma and teratoma. They typically develop in the testicles and can vary in behaviour, with some growing and spreading rapidly, while others progress more slowly. The treatment approach and severity of the condition depend on the specific characteristics of the tumour.
Causes
The exact cause of these tumours is not well understood, but risk factors may include a history of undescended testicles (cryptorchidism), genetic conditions such as Klinefelter syndrome, or a family history of germ cell tumours.
Symptoms
Symptoms of testicular mixed embryonal carcinoma and teratoma can include a noticeable lump in the testicle, which might feel firm and may or may not cause pain. Some men may experience a sense of heaviness or discomfort in the scrotum, pain in the lower abdomen or groin, or changes in the shape of the testicle. Back pain can also be a symptom.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing testicular mixed embryonal carcinoma and teratoma typically involves several key steps. First, a physical examination is conducted to check for lumps or any unusual changes in the testicles. An ultrasound is then used to determine whether the lump is solid or fluid-filled. Blood tests are performed to measure specific markers, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which can indicate the presence of a tumour. Imaging tests, like CT scans or MRIs, are used to assess whether the tumour has spread to other parts of the body. In some cases, a biopsy is required to confirm the diagnosis by taking a small tissue sample.
Treatment
The prognosis for testicular mixed embryonal carcinoma and teratoma largely depends on factors such as the tumour stage at diagnosis and its responsiveness to treatment. Early detection and prompt treatment play a pivotal role in achieving a favourable outcome.
The primary treatment for this type of cancer is surgery, specifically a radical inguinal orchiectomy, which involves removing the affected testicle to eliminate the tumour. After surgery, chemotherapy is often administered to target any remaining cancer cells or to address cancer that may have spread. Although radiation therapy may be used in some cases, it is less common for these types of tumours.
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