What is Plasmablastic Lymphoma (HIV-associated)?
Plasmablastic Lymphoma (PBL) is a rare and aggressive type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It most commonly affects people who have weakened immune systems, especially those who are living with HIV/AIDS.
In this cancer, white blood cells called B-cells transform into fast-growing cancer cells that look somewhat like plasma cells, which normally help fight infections. Because of this, the disease was named “plasmablastic.” It often grows very quickly and is considered a high-grade lymphoma.
Symptoms
The symptoms of plasmablastic lymphoma can vary, but most patients develop fast-growing lumps or masses, especially in the mouth, jaw, or face. Some people may also notice swelling in the neck or other parts of the body due to enlarged lymph nodes. Other symptoms include unexplained weight loss, night sweats, fever, fatigue, and sometimes pain in the affected area. In advanced cases, it may affect internal organs like the stomach, intestines, or bones.
Diagnosis
Doctors use several methods to diagnose this disease. A biopsy of the swollen area or tumour is usually the first step. Under the microscope, the cancer cells appear similar to plasma cells. Special lab tests and immunohistochemistry help confirm the diagnosis. Blood tests, CT scans, and PET scans are used to determine the extent of the disease’s spread. In people with HIV, a review of immune status is also important.
Treatment
Plasmablastic lymphoma is treated with combination chemotherapy. HIV patients are also given antiretroviral therapy (ART) to strengthen their immune system. In some cases, radiation therapy or stem cell transplant may be considered if chemotherapy is not enough. Because this cancer grows quickly, treatment needs to start as early as possible.
Prognosis
The outlook for plasmablastic lymphoma is generally poor, especially if the cancer is widespread or diagnosed late. However, patients who receive early treatment along with good HIV control may live longer. Research is ongoing to find better treatments, and doctors are testing new drugs and immune therapies to improve outcomes in the future.
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