What is Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is a type of cancer that originates in the squamous cell tissues of the tongue, tonsils, or throat. It is commonly referred to as throat or tonsil cancer.
Epidemiology
- Over 21,000 new cases of oropharyngeal cancer were reported in the U.S. in 2024.
- The condition is more common in men, with a male-to-female ratio exceeding 2:1.
- In North America and Europe, 70–80% of cases are linked to human papillomavirus (HPV), specifically type 16. Patients with HPV-related OPSCC are typically younger.
Causes
- HPV Infection: Particularly HPV type 16, is a leading cause of OPSCC.
- Smoking: Smoking more than 1.5 packs daily increases the risk threefold.
- Alcohol Consumption: Consuming four or more alcoholic beverages daily raises the risk sevenfold.
Other Risk Factors:
- Poor dental hygiene
- Genetic predisposition
- Weakened immune system
- Chemical exposure
- Prolonged radiation exposure
Signs and Symptoms
Patients with OPSCC may experience:
- Persistent sore throat
- Pain or difficulty swallowing
- Lump in the throat or neck
- Chronic bad breath
- Blood in saliva
- Hoarseness or voice changes
- Ear pain
- Constant fever
- Unintentional weight loss
Diagnosis
Diagnostic procedures include:
1. Physical Examination:
Assessment of the throat, neck, and chest for lumps or masses.
2. Imaging Tests:
CT scan, MRI, or X-ray to identify the tumour’s location, size, and extent.
3. Laryngoscopy:
A specialised scope used to examine the throat.
4. Biopsy:
Removal of a tissue sample for laboratory analysis.
Additional Tests:
- Tumour markers
- Sputum cytology
- Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology (USG-guided FNAC)
Treatment
Surgery:
The primary approach involves removing the tumour with clear margins (surrounding healthy tissue). This often results in favorable outcomes.
Radiation Therapy:
Commonly recommended after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence.
Other Treatments:
- Chemotherapy
- Immunotherapy
- Targeted Therapy
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is a serious condition requiring timely diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach for effective treatment and improved outcomes.
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