What is Neuroectodermal Olfactory Neuroblastoma?
Neuroectodermal Olfactory Neuroblastoma is a rare cancer that originates in the nasal cavity, potentially impairing the sense of smell. It can invade nearby tissues, including the eyes, brain, neck, lungs, or bones. This cancer accounts for approximately 3% of all nasal cavity tumours and most commonly occurs between the ages of 50 and 70.
Causes
The development of Olfactory Neuroblastoma may be influenced by both environmental and genetic factors:
1. Chemical Exposure:
Exposure to substances such as tobacco smoke, glues, nickel, cadmium, wood dust, wheat, and formaldehyde increases the risk.
2. Genetic Mutations:
Inherited genetic factors or DNA alterations, particularly involving chromosomes 2, 5, 6, 7, and 20, may contribute to the formation of this rare malignancy.
Signs and Symptoms
Common signs and symptoms include:
- Nosebleeds.
- Loss of smell.
- Nasal congestion or stuffy nose.
- Pain in the nose and face.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing Neuroectodermal Olfactory Neuroblastoma requires a comprehensive approach:
1. Imaging Tests:
CT scans or MRIs are used to determine the tumour’s location, size, and blood supply.
2. Biopsy:
A small tissue sample is taken from the tumour and analysed under a microscope.
3. Immunohistochemistry:
This specialised test helps differentiate Olfactory Neuroblastoma from other types of tumours.
Treatment Options
Treatment often involves a combination of surgical and therapeutic methods:
1. Surgery:
The primary approach is the surgical removal of the tumour and any affected nearby tissues.
2. Radiation Therapy:
Frequently combined with surgery to enhance the effectiveness of treatment.
3. Chemotherapy:
Used in advanced or metastatic cases to target and destroy cancer cells.
Prognosis:
The survival rate varies widely, ranging from 50% to 90%, depending on the tumour stage at diagnosis and the treatment approach.
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