Mixed germ cell tumours are a type of testicular cancer that contains different kinds of cancer cells. A common combination is teratoma and seminoma. These tumours start in germ cells, which are the cells that eventually become sperm in men. Mixed germ cell tumours can develop in the testicles and sometimes in other parts of the body, like the chest or abdomen.
Because they contain both teratoma and seminoma, they behave differently than if they were just one type. This mix affects how the tumour grows, how it is treated, and the patient’s chances of recovery.
Causes
Mixed germ cell tumours develop from abnormal germ cells, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. They mostly affect young men aged 15 to 35, with risk factors including a family history of testicular cancer, undescended testicles, and conditions like Klinefelter Syndrome.
Symptoms
Mixed teratoma and seminoma tumours usually present as a painless swelling or lump in one testicle. Some individuals might experience discomfort or a dull ache in the lower abdomen or scrotum. In advanced cases, symptoms may include back pain, chest pain, or a persistent cough if the cancer has spread. Hormonal changes caused by the tumour can also lead to breast enlargement (gynecomastia) in some men.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of mixed teratoma and seminoma begins with a physical exam to detect a lump in the testicle, followed by an ultrasound to assess the mass. Blood tests check tumour markers like AFP and β-hCG to help identify the tumour type. If needed, CT or MRI scans assess cancer spread. Unlike other cancers, testicular cancer is usually confirmed after an orchiectomy, where the testicle is removed and examined.
Treatment
The main treatment for mixed teratoma and seminoma is the removal of the affected testicle through a radical inguinal orchiectomy. Depending on the stage, chemotherapy may be needed. Radiation therapy is used for seminomas but not for teratomas. In early stages, active surveillance after surgery may be an option.
The prognosis for mixed teratoma and seminoma is generally excellent, with a five-year survival rate over 95% for localised cases. Even advanced cases often respond well to surgery and chemotherapy, with ongoing research improving treatment and survival rates.
You can help us with your donation:
Without a Ribbon is a charity that works hard to aid those who suffer from rare cancers. You can help our cause in a variety of ways:
Donations — Without a Ribbon are grateful when we receive every donation. Giving to Without a Ribbon helps us to provide ongoing support, organise the annual gathering and subsidise the costs of our Warriors attending these conferences.
Sponsorship — If you wish to sponsor our charity, please contact us using this form.
Volunteering — We are always looking for volunteers to help with different aspects of running our charity. So, if you are looking for volunteer work, please feel free to contact us.