What is a Carcinoid Tumour of the Cervix?
A carcinoid tumour of the cervix is a rare cancer that begins in the neuroendocrine cells of the cervix, which are part of both the nervous and hormonal systems. Although these tumours can grow slowly, they may still spread and behave like other cervical cancers. Carcinoid tumours fall under neuroendocrine tumours of the cervix, which can range from low-grade (less aggressive) to high-grade (more aggressive) cancers.
Causes
The exact cause is unknown, but risk factors may include:
- HPV infection: While primarily linked to other cervical cancers, it may play a role here.
- Genetics: Some inherited traits could influence neuroendocrine cell growth.
- Smoking and hormonal changes: These can increase the risk of various cervical cancers, including neuroendocrine types.
Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms can be similar to other cervical conditions, such as:
- Unusual vaginal bleeding: After sex, between periods, or after menopause
- Pelvic pain or discomfort: Possibly due to tumour growth
- Abnormal discharge: Watery or foul-smelling
- Advanced symptoms: Changes in urination or bowel habits if the tumour presses on nearby organs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis involves:
- Pelvic exam
- Cervical biopsy: A tissue sample is examined to confirm if it’s a carcinoid tumour
- Imaging (MRI or CT): To assess tumour size and spread
- Special lab tests: Markers like chromogranin or synaptophysin confirm the neuroendocrine origin
Treatment
Treatment depends on the tumour’s size and spread:
- Surgery: Often includes a hysterectomy and sometimes nearby lymph nodes
- Radiation therapy: Used post-surgery to kill remaining cancer cells
- Chemotherapy: For aggressive cases or if the cancer has spread
- Other options: Hormonal treatments or targeted drugs may be considered for slow-growing tumours
Prognosis
Outlook varies by:
- Tumour type: Slow-growing tumours generally have a better prognosis than aggressive ones
- Early detection: Cancers found while still confined to the cervix are more treatable
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